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The White City ((ヘブライ語:העיר הלבנה), ''Ha-Ir HaLevana'') refers to a collection of over 4,000 buildings built in a unique form of the Bauhaus or International Style in Tel Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish architects who immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style of any city in the world. Preservation, documentation, and exhibitions have brought attention to Tel Aviv's collection of 1930s architecture. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Tel Aviv's ''White City'' a World Cultural Heritage site, as "an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century."〔UNESCO, (''Decision Text'' ), World Heritage Centre, retrieved 14 September 2009〕 The citation recognized the unique adaptation of modern international architectural trends to the cultural, climatic, and local traditions of the city. The Bauhaus Center in Tel Aviv organises regular architectural tours of the city. ==Historical background== The concept for a new garden city, to be called Tel Aviv, was developed on the sand dunes outside Jaffa in 1909.〔Barbara E. Mann, ''A place in history: modernism, Tel Aviv, and the creation of Jewish urban space'', Stanford University Press, 2006, p. xi ISBN 0-8047-5019-X〕 Scottish urban planner Patrick Geddes, who had previously worked on town-planning in New Delhi, was commissioned by Tel Aviv's first mayor, Meir Dizengoff, to draw up a master plan for the new city. Geddes began work in 1925 on the plan, which was accepted in 1929.〔Yael Zisling, (''A Patchwork of Neighborhoods'' ), Gems in Israel, April 2001〕 The view of the British Mandatory authorities seemed to have been supportive. In addition to Geddes, and Dizengoff, the city engineer Ya'acov Ben-Sira contributed significantly to the development and planning during his 1929 to 1951 tenure.〔Selwyn Ilan Troen, ''Imagining Zion: dreams, designs, and realities in a century of Jewish settlement'', Yale University Press, 2003, p. 146 ISBN 0-300-09483-3〕 Patrick Geddes laid out the streets and decided on block size and utilisation. Geddes did not prescribe an architectural style for the buildings in the new city. But by 1933, many Jewish architects of the Bauhaus school in Germany, like Arieh Sharon, fled to the British Mandate of Palestine.〔Ina Rottscheidt, Kate Bowen, (''Jewish refugees put their own twist on Bauhaus homes in Israel'' ), Deutsche Welle, 1 April 2009〕 Both the emigration of these Jewish architects and the closing of the Bauhaus school in Berlin were consequences of the rise to power of the Nazi party in Germany in 1933. The residential and public buildings were designed by these architects, and by architects born locally including Ben-Ami Shulman, who put the principles of modern architecture into practice. The Bauhaus principles, with their emphasis on functionality and inexpensive building materials, were perceived as ideal in Tel Aviv. The architects fleeing Europe brought not only Bauhaus ideas; the architectural ideas of Le Corbusier were also mixed in. Furthermore, Erich Mendelsohn was not formally associated with the Bauhaus, though he had several projects in Israel in the 1930s as did Carl Rubin, an architect from Mendelsohn's office.〔UNESCO, (''Advisory Body Evaluation: Tel Aviv (Israel) No 1096'' ), p. 57, retrieved 14 September 2009〕 In the 1930s in Tel Aviv, many architectural ideas were converging and Tel Aviv was the ideal place for them to be tested. In 1984, in celebration of Tel Aviv's 75th year,〔Goel Pinto, (''Taking to the streets - all night long'' ), Haaretz, 29 June 2007〕 an exhibition was held at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art entitled ''White City, International Style Architecture in Israel, Portrait of an Era''. Some sources trace the origin of the term "White City" to this exhibition and its curator Michael Levin,〔 some to the poet Nathan Alterman.〔Bill Strubbe, (''Back to Bauhaus: A Weekly Briefing in the Mother Tongue'' ), The Jewish Daily Forward, 25 June 2004〕 The 1984 exhibition traveled to New York, to the Jewish Museum.〔Paul Goldberger, (''Architecture View: Tel Aviv, Showcase of Modernism is Looking Frayed'' ) The New York Times, 25 November 1984〕 In 1994, a conference took place at the UNESCO headquarters, entitled ''World Conference on the International Style in Architecture.'' Credit was given to Israeli artist Dani Karavan who made a sculpture garden at the headquarters,〔Michael Omolewa, (''Message by H.E. Professor Michael Omolewa President of the General Conference of UNESCO'' ), UNESCO, 6–8 June 2004, retrieved 17 September 2009〕 and had earlier made a sculptural environment entitled ''Kikar Levana'' that was inspired by the White City.〔Yael Zisling, (''Dani Karavan's Kikar Levana'' ), Gems in Israel, December 2001 / January 2002〕 In 1996, Tel Aviv's White City was listed as a World Monuments Fund endangered site.〔World Monuments Fund, (''World Monuments Watch 1996-2006'' ), retrieved 16 September 2009〕 In 2003, UNESCO named Tel Aviv a World Heritage Site for its treasure of modern architecture.〔UNESCO, (''White City of Tel-Aviv -- the Modern Movement'' ) World Heritage Centre, retrieved 14 September 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White City (Tel Aviv)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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